如何在 Ubuntu 系统中添加一个辅助 IP 地址

作者: Prakash Subramanian 译者: MjSeven

| 2018-09-06 22:30:08   评论: 0

Linux 管理员应该意识到这一点,因为这是一项例行任务。很多人想知道为什么我们需要在服务器中添加多个 IP 地址,以及为什么我们需要将它添加到单块网卡中?我说的对吗?

你可能也会有类似的问题:在 Linux 中如何为单块网卡分配多个 IP 地址?在本文中,你可以得到答案。

当我们对一个新服务器进行设置时,理想情况下它将有一个 IP 地址,即服务器主 IP 地址,它与服务器主机名对应。

我们不应在服务器主 IP 地址上托管任何应用程序,这是不可取的。如果要在服务器上托管任何应用程序,我们应该为此添加辅助 IP。

这是业界的最佳实践,它允许用户安装 SSL 证书。大多数系统都配有单块网卡,这足以添加额外的 IP 地址。

建议阅读:

我们可以在同一个接口上添加 IP 地址,或者在同一设备上创建子接口,然后在其中添加 IP。默认情况下,一直到 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS,接口给名称为 ethX (eth0),但是从 Ubuntu 15.10 之后网络接口名称已从 ethX 更改为 enXXXXX(对于服务器是 ens33,桌面版是 enp0s3)。

在本文中,我们将教你如何在 Ubuntu 上执行此操作,并且衍生到其它发行版(to 校正:这句自己加的)。

注意:别在 DNS 详细信息后添加 IP 地址。如果是这样,DNS 将无法正常工作。

如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加临时辅助 IP 地址

在系统中添加 IP 地址之前,运行以下任一命令即可验证服务器主 IP 地址:

# ifconfig
或
# ip addr

# ip addr

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 
          inet addr:192.168.56.150  Bcast:192.168.56.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:4 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:105 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:902 (902.0 B)  TX bytes:16423 (16.4 KB)

eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 
          inet addr:10.0.3.15  Bcast:10.0.3.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:80 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:146 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:8698 (8.6 KB)  TX bytes:17047 (17.0 KB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback 
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:25 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
          RX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)  TX bytes:1730 (1.7 KB)

如我所见,服务器主 IP 地址是 192.168.56.150,我将下一个 IP 192.168.56.151 作为辅助 IP,使用以下方法完成:

# ip addr add 192.168.56.151/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev eth0 label eth0:1

输入以下命令以检查新添加的 IP 地址。如果你重新启动服务器,那么新添加的 IP 地址会消失,因为我们的 IP 是临时添加的。

# ip addr
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:98:b7:36 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.56.150/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global eth0
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.56.151/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary eth0:1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: eth1:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global eth1
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

如何在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址

要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址,只需编辑 /etc/network/interfaces 文件并添加所需的 IP 详细信息。

# vi /etc/network/interfaces
# vi /etc/network/interfaces

# The loopback network interface
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
        address 192.168.56.150
        netmask 255.255.255.0
        network 192.168.56.0
        broadcast 192.168.56.255
        gateway 192.168.56.1

auto eth0:1
iface eth0:1 inet static
        address 192.168.56.151
        netmask 255.255.255.0

保存并关闭文件,然后重启网络接口服务。

# service networking restart
或
# ifdown eth0:1 && ifup eth0:1

验证新添加的 IP 地址:

# ifconfig
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 
          inet addr:192.168.56.150  Bcast:192.168.56.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe98:b736/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:5 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:84 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:962 (962.0 B)  TX bytes:11905 (11.9 KB)

eth0:1    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:98:b7:36 
          inet addr:192.168.56.151  Bcast:192.168.56.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1

eth1      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 08:00:27:6a:cf:d3 
          inet addr:10.0.3.15  Bcast:10.0.3.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::a00:27ff:fe6a:cfd3/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:4924 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:3185 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:4037636 (4.0 MB)  TX bytes:422516 (422.5 KB)

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback 
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:65536  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)

如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中临时添加辅助 IP 地址

正如本文开头所述,网络接口名称从 Ubuntu 15.10 就开始从 ‘ethX’ 更改为 ‘enXXXX’ (enp0s3),所以,替换你的接口名称。

在执行此操作之前,先检查系统上的 IP 信息:

# ifconfig
或
# ip addr

enp0s3: flags=4163  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.56.201  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.56.255
        inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20
        ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 7  bytes 420 (420.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 294  bytes 24747 (24.7 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

enp0s8: flags=4163  mtu 1500
        inet 10.0.3.15  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 10.0.3.255
        inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20
        ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 1  bytes 590 (590.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 97  bytes 10209 (10.2 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10
        loop  txqueuelen 1000  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 325  bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 325  bytes 24046 (24.0 KB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

如我所见,服务器主 IP 地址是 192.168.56.201,所以,我将下一个 IP 192.168.56.202 作为辅助 IP,使用以下命令完成。

# ip addr add 192.168.56.202/24 broadcast 192.168.56.255 dev enp0s3

运行以下命令来检查是否已分配了新的 IP。当你重启机器时,它会消失。

# ip addr
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
       valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
    inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 中添加永久辅助 IP 地址

要在 Ubuntu 系统上添加永久辅助 IP 地址,只需编辑 /etc/network/interfaces 文件并添加所需 IP 的详细信息。

我们不应该在 dns-nameservers 行之后添加辅助 IP 地址,因为它不会起作用,应该以下面的格式添加 IP 详情。

此外,我们不需要添加子接口(我们之前在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的做法):

# vi /etc/network/interfaces

# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

# The primary network interface
auto enp0s3
iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.56.201
netmask 255.255.255.0

iface enp0s3 inet static
address 192.168.56.202
netmask 255.255.255.0

gateway 192.168.56.1
network 192.168.56.0
broadcast 192.168.56.255
dns-nameservers 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4
dns-search      2daygeek.local  

保存并关闭文件,然后重启网络接口服务:

# systemctl restart networking
或
# ifdown enp0s3 && ifup enp0s3

运行以下命令来检查是否已经分配了新的 IP:

# ip addr
1: lo:  mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default qlen 1000
    link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
    inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 ::1/128 scope host
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: enp0s3:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:97:13:2e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.56.201/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global enp0s3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet 192.168.56.202/24 brd 192.168.56.255 scope global secondary enp0s3
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    inet6 fe80::a00:27ff:fe97:132e/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: enp0s8:  mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
    link/ether 08:00:27:12:e8:c1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 10.0.3.15/24 brd 10.0.3.255 scope global dynamic enp0s8
       valid_lft 86353sec preferred_lft 86353sec
    inet6 fe80::344b:6259:4dbe:eabb/64 scope link
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

让我来 ping 一下新 IP 地址:

# ping 192.168.56.202 -c 4
PING 192.168.56.202 (192.168.56.202) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.019 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.56.202: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.042 ms

--- 192.168.56.202 ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3068ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.019/0.045/0.087/0.026 ms


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